Final assessment: examine causal claims

Five objective items and a written review test independent causal reasoning.

All scenarios are fictional and need no industry knowledge. Answer independently before viewing explanations. Written work is not automatically scored.

1. Residents choosing soundproof windows report better sleep. What is supported? The windows help every resident A sample difference exists; location and prior habits may also matter Causation can never be studied without randomization

2. New delivery software is mostly used on short central routes; old software on long suburban routes. What first? Icon color Total order count alone Pre-adoption distance and traffic, and results within route types

3. A bootcamp enrolls 200 and surveys only 50 graduates; 45 find it helpful. What can be reported? 90% of surveyed graduates found it helpful; other outcomes are unknown 90% of all enrollees benefited All other 150 failed to benefit

4. Night walkers rise from 40 to 70 after new lighting, versus 50 to 70 in a control. Difference in changes? 30, all due to lights 10, with causal interpretation conditional on comparable trends and other assumptions Zero because both end at 70

5. Which registration-page test is most credible? Use A on Monday and B on weekends, ignoring traffic source Check daily and declare victory at the first lead Randomize contemporaneously, prespecify outcome and follow-up, track missingness and anomalies

Integrated causal review

After adopting standing meetings, a team completes 28 rather than 20 tasks weekly. Two staff join and project software changes that month; task difficulty is unrecorded. Review the claim that standing meetings improve efficiency and propose a comparison that distinguishes explanations.

State the claim, alternatives, comparison, outcomes and revision conditions

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